Fundamentos de la Fracturación Hidráulica-Hydraulic Fracturing Fundamentals

COURSE OVERVIEW THIS COURSE WILL PROVIDE THEORETICAL AND PRACTICAL UNDERSTANDING OF HYDRAULIC FRACTURING TECHNIQUES AND THEIR APPLICATION IN DIFFERENT ENVIRONMENTS. DETAILED LECTURES WILL BE CONDUCTED ON FRACTURING CONCEPTS THAT ARE INDUSTRY RECOGNIZED, COVERING ASPECTS OF FRACTURING DESIGN, APPLICATION AND ANALYSIS AS WELL AS THE STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESS OF THE VARIOUS APPROACHES TO FRACTURING. THE COURSE IS DESIGNED FOR Production, operations, completions engineers, and supervisors, who are or will be actively involved in hydraulic fracturing design, application and analysis, and desire a more in-depth understanding of the theoretical and practical aspects. Attendees do not require previous fracturing knowledge, or Hydraulic Fracturing experience. LEARNING OBJECTIVES Upon completion of the course, the participant will: * Acquire knowledge to identify stimulation candidates * Understand basic analysis of design, planning and execution of frac treatments * Understand the aspects involved in the design of a frac treatment * Be able to plan and supervise a frac treatment in general terms * Understand post-frac analysis and evaluation basics. The course is based on the basic concepts applicable to conventional fracturing as well as a review of practices in unconventional formation environments using innovative frac and completion techniques. As such, the use of powerful and unique features will be learned: * Candidate selection and screening * Optimizing designs for formation types The course is based on the basic concepts applicable to conventional fracturing as well as a review of practices in unconventional formation environments using innovative frac and completion techniques. As such, the use of powerful and unique features will be learned: * Candidate selection and screening * Optimizing designs for formation types * Effective placement, packing of the fracture with proppant, also known as TSO design and placement * Safe placement of the completion (avoiding unplanned job terminations: screenouts or planning TSO when desired) * Real-time, on-location, Minifrac and Mainfrac analysis * Mainfrac Treatment analysis and evaluation * Pre and post frac QA-QC The above is accomplished by focusing on resolving the major issues in Propped fracturing Stimulation: * Can the treatment be placed safely and effectively to completion? * Was the placement effective? (Is the proppant opposite and along the payzone?) * Is rock stimulated area achieved in unconventional environment such as shale rocks Emerging advanced technologies Over the last decade, the field of hydraulic fracturing has experienced tremendous technological development, which is slowly implemented in field operations. Some developments to be covered are listed in new practices / technologies in multistage environment in the outline below. Actual case studies To reinforce the learning experience and gain confidence in the application of the technology, actual case studies from around the world, will be demonstrated in the classroom. COURSE OUTLINE Well stimulation basics Restoring flow capacity Creating new flow capacity Objectives - why fracturing Adding value - Basic economics Formation damage TYPES OF STIMULATION Restoring matrix Bypassing damage Creating rock contact STIMULATION TECHNIQUES - FRAC GENERATIONS Passing wellbore damage Massive frac treatments – low perm environment TSO - Frac and pack Multiple frac environments FRAC DESIGN AND EVALUATION Improving productivity Interconnecting formation permeability Improving ultimate recovery Secondary recovery CANDIDATE RECOGNITION AND OPTIMIZATION Stimulation Objectives and Types Stimulation Candidates HIGH VS LOW PERM FRACTURING MINIFRAC – MINI FALL OFF G function, pressure decline analysis Leak off coefficient, fluid efficiency Effective wellbore radius ROCK MECHANICS Orientations, stresses, Hardness, Permeability Zone Height; Presence of Barriers, Drainage Radius Rock mechanical behaviour Frac width MODELLING-PROPAGATION MODELS PKN, KGD, RADIAL 3D Conventional fracturing fluids BASE FLUID REQUIREMENTS Viscosity, friction, fluid loss Impact of Volume, Pump Rate Effect of temperature, share, crosslinking rates TYPES OF FRAC FLUIDS; Water based fluids; PSG, HPG, CMHPG, HEC, CMHEC, Xantam Crosslinking systems; Borate crosslinker, Organometallic crosslinkers: Oil based multiphase/emulsions, foam fluids, applications, benefits Non-polymeric frac fluid technology Visco-elastic surfactants Linear, cross linked fluids Chemicals; polymers, xlinkers, stabilizers-iron, clays, scale-, activators, breakers, delays agents MIXING SYSTEMS Batch mixing Continuous -on-the-fly- mixing systems Proppants Proppant selection Types, comparison Issues on transport; settling rates and velocity Conductivity damage PROPPANTS Proppant selection Types, comparison Issues on transport; settling rates and velocity Conductivity damage Final proppant pack polymer concentration - PCF Retained conductivity Flow capacity areas, skin, pseudo skin Wellbore, critical matrix Type of damage Scales, organic deposits, silts and clays, emulsion, water blocking, wettability changes FRACTURING OPTIMIZATION Reservoir deliverability Production systems Pumping parameters FRACTURING FLUID AND PROPPANT Treatment size Economic benefit ACID FRACTURING Bottom-hole pressures above pressures Acid reaction with formation rock Frac etching Formation integrity FRACTURING ECONOMICS COSTS VS PRODUCTION GAINS Post treatment decline Impact on treatment values; optimum frac length, width, perm Well performance Future value of money FRACTURING EXECUTION Equipment size, type, location limitations Design, and validation through MiniFRAC analysis Calibration treatments Real time data acquisition Onsite QA/QC Evaluation DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF DIAGNOSTIC INJECTIONS - FLUID EFFICIENCY, FRACTURE ENTRY FRICTION FRACTURE MODELLING PRESSURE MATCHING CURRENT AND NEW PRACTICES Re-FRACTURING, benefits, applications, constraints UNCONVENTIONAL RESERVOIRS- SHALE ENVIRONMENT Stimulation Multi-stage horizontal well applications Description of multistage completion types Extended reach applications